Supply Chain Management Information System

Question1 : Quickly portray the business forms upheld by a Supply Chain Management (SCM) data framework. In a worldwide efficient Emerson what are the preferences and impediments of utilizing a SCM data framework? With Emersons numerous divisions utilizing various providers, what might be the advantages of utilizing a solitary SCM data framework for the entirety of its divisions? Answer1 : Flexibly Chain the executives is about adequately coordinating the progression of materials and stream of data inside the gracefully and request process. Gracefully Chain the executives bolsters different procedures, for example, return the board, guaging coordinations, request the executives, acquisition and stock administration and furthermore arranging and estimating (Olson, 2012). This shows the gracefully chain the executives is chiefly useful for improving the business tasks and furthermore keep up upper hand in the serious market. Through viable execution of gracefully chain the board an association can improve its exhibition and efficiency, augment the adequacy of cost and furthermore increment its abilities (Kart, Moser and Melliar-Smith, 2010). With the quick improvement in data framework joining (ISI) and data innovation (IT), and its job in coordinated flexibly bind the executives have been able to be basic to different analysts and officials. ISI addresses the degree of cooperation in practices of data framework between the elements of business inside a firm and between a firm and its accomplices for exchanging. It has been accounted for that the introduction and utilization of ISI for gracefully chain the board overhaul the associations' turn of events and intensity (Jitpaiboon, 2005). While various firms focus on achieving a lot of IT use, without high measures of ISI, individuals from flexibly chain the executives may not achieve the full points of interest of working inside a gracefully chain. As per the setting of progressive flexibly chain, the data innovation allows various relationship to team up with the exercises of the association that encourage to truly manage a gracefully chain. With increasingly successful IS rehearses (outside and inward) grants firms to remain centered in a rapidly developing condition. Firms need to regulate particular jobs of advancements by consolidating and arranging them into an exceptionally profitable, suitable, and responsive structure (McLaren, Head and Yuan, 2004). For worldwide business firms like Emersons, the SCM IS might be beneficial in different manners. A flexibly chain the executives data framework assists with incorporating the essential exercises of the association that is the inbound and outbound strategic with the help exercises of the association. This framework bolsters for the most part three principal forms: source, obtain and resolve which makes the procedure of the association increasingly effective and quicker (Kart, Moser and Melliar-Smith, 2010). The benefit of executing such framework is that it upgrades the speed of flexibly and licenses the associations to make their general procedure proficient and snappier. Further, the framework additionally empowers both the clients and the providers to diminish the inventories measure and reduce the stock expense. This would assist with developing the organization in a since a long time ago run by keeping up minimal effort. This SCM IS additionally assists with improving the conveya nce procedure which empowers the providers to convey the segments and the materials on schedule and furthermore empowers to actualize in the nick of time forms that license the producers to deal with and decrease the crude materials effectively (Balakrishnan, Bowne and Eckstein, 2008; Barut, Faisst and Kanet, 2002). Nonetheless, the SCM IS additionally has a few impediments like at times like it tends to be mind boggling regarding learning the framework by less workers and furthermore actualizing the framework might be costly. A substitute explanation realizing a SCM System is a downside is in light of the fact that for a couple of affiliations it might oblige them to change fundamentally because their present structure is very basic; in this manner, use of such a significantly commendable system could change the affiliation amazingly (Flynn, Huang and Zhao, 2014). In case an association turns out to be in a general sense, for instance, Emerson did, at that point SCM IS can transform into a hindrance in light of the fact that the association creates and the system could get the opportunity to be unnecessary towards the association's key destinations. An additional detriment of realizing a SCM data framework is that there could be a nonappearance of gratefulness for the system by and large as the re was for Emerson; this is engaged around the declaration (Lambert and Cooper, 2000). A substitute drawback for completing a SCM data framework is that in spite of the way that an association may envision that they have arranged their laborers enough, reality of this can be that there isn't sufficient approaches to prepare the representatives in regards to the framework (Zhao and Zhu, 2011).Being a colossal association, Emerson has numerous divisions with different providers working in it. Consequently using single flexibly chain the board data framework for all the divisions would assist the specialists with maintaining the framework effectively with no upheaval, further this would assist the association with storing all the data appropriately in a solitary framework and there is no dread of losing the information and furthermore usage cost gets diminished with single framework (Boone, Jayaraman and Ganeshan, 2012). Question2 : Worldwide organizations like Emerson have providers, assembling, conveyance, and retail activities. Rundown and quickly depict the advancements and gadgets (utilized for information, yield, and correspondence) that are utilized with SCM data frameworks. Pick two diverse info gadgets and talk about the focal points and detriments of each. Examine the advantages that they give to the business. Answer2 : In order to remain serious all around and remain on the cutting edge of an unpredictable business world, more associations are solidifying advancement into their store arrange organization systems today. The flexibility, versatility and solace of remote contraptions imply that the administrators of gracefully chain the executives can arrange structures at every association in the chain, from wherever they need (Vella, 2012). Moreover, sellers, gracefully chain accomplices and furthermore workers can assume a pivotal job in ensuring capability for example; truck drivers can use GPS-arranged devices to immediately report transportation gets that may disturb the strategies further along the flexibly chain the executives procedure. Likewise the distributed computing and the different programming programs have improved method of following the materials and furthermore update the ongoing status simply through a solitary touch. The utilization of advancements and gadgets likewise assists wi th lessening the blunders in the creation and improve the administration towards the clients, giving immense advantages to the association over the businesses. The most rising advancements that strongly affect the gracefully chain the executives and can be utilized for information, yield and correspondence are RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is an innovation that utilizes joint effort of electrostatic or electromagnetic range in radio frequency(RF) for recognizing the item, Remote administration, this is the procedure where the controlling gadget isn't appended to the genuine unit, RTLS (Real Time area framework) which basically permits to follow the framework through remote neighborhood, far reaching network utilizing the 802.11 remote LA, Bluetooth this grants simple access to information and voice, versatile printing, computerized imaging-this gadget permits to catch the pictures, discourse acknowledgment is a voice innovation which allows free information passage, GPS and Voice correspondence and furthermore 2D Bar Code which peruses the images and follows the item (Intermec, 2007). The two most significant sources of info that can be utilized for powerful gracefully chain the executives are: RFID and 2D Bar Code. The benefits of utilizing RFID are that it assists with showing the tasks of the flexibly chain and furthermore resource the executives. This gadget assists with diminishing the hour of stock procedure and furthermore further assists with following the stacking check process via consequently recording the items that are being stacked (Brown, 2007; Tajima, 2007). Organizations like Emerson, can put the RFID labels on their long range vehicles, versatile resources or trailers to build perceivability of using their business resources. Further this procedure likewise helps in ensuring the brand picture by recognizing the forged items. The UIN (one of a kind ID number) on the labels of RFID can be utilized for checking the items legitimacy. These special numbers can be teamed up with the encryption calculations that help to create verification plans and make complex for the forgers to sidestep (Fosso Wamba, 2012; Attaran, 2007). Be that as it may, there are different inconveniences of uti lizing RFID in gracefully chain the executives like the RFID incorporates embeddings and collecting the mechanized chip which makes the procedure expensive. Indeed, even the perusers of RFID battle in recovering the data while it goes through fluid or metal. In spite of the fact that RFID labels are valuable, there may be crash when numerous labels begin reacting simultaneously (Michael and McCathie, 2005; Vizinex RFID, 2010). The upsides of using 2D Bar Codes are that contrasted with RFID it is more affordable in light of the fact that they are chiefly imprinted on paper or plastic. It is a widespread innovation and can be prepared from any piece of the world. There exist no security issues in Bar Code process. This framework additionally have weaknesses like the codes get harmed effectively as it is set outside the item, there is likewise need of work escalated in light of the fact that the items are to be filtered exclusively (Ray, 2010). Question3 : Consider that you need to actualize another SCM data framework for Emerson. Depict every one of the diverse usage choices. Talk about the favorable circumstances and disadvant

Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse Essay -- To The Lighthouse Essays

  â â She was not developing; she was just attempting to streamline something she had been surrendered years back collapsed; something she had seen. Forâ in the crude of every day life, with each one of those kids about, every one of those guests, one had continually a feeling of redundancy of one thing falling where another had fallen, thus setting up a reverberation which tolled noticeable all around and made it brimming with vibrations. (199)  What causes that folding? What makes the collected pictures overlap up throughout the years? How might one smooth out the folds? These are the vital inquiries brought up in the above entry, which catches the focal investigation in Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse.â Change and confusion make creases throughout Lily's life. She sticks to pictures of Mrs. Ramsay as an iron. For there are minutes when one can neither think nor feel, (Woolf 193), yet even in the distress of serious change, one can generally observe. Like a dream, Mrs. Ramsay's enduring nearness motivates Lily to make a work of art that irons out the folds.â Lily inevitably acknowledges some good ways from Mrs. Ramsay, also, which turns into another freeing step during the time spent streamlining her rugged soul. At the point when those pictures are rediscovered, and here and there re-designed, change is created. At last, Lily is discharged from an earlier time, while streamlining the wrinkles.   â â â â Lily's undecided sentiments toward Mrs. Ramsay make her life wrinkled and clashed: Lily feels compelled to pick between dismissing the adored mothering figure or turning out to be again a panicky, subordinate youngster whose poor mental self portrait sabotages her capacity to have her very own dream (Caramagno 253).â She inclines toward the situation as reliant kid since it brings perpetual quality, yet she vacillat... ...in To the Lighthouse.â Philological Quarterly. 14 April 2002 <http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/>. Lilienfeld, Jane. Where the Spear Plants Grew.â New Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf.â Ed. Jane Marcus. London: Macmillan Press, 1981. Mepham, John. Analysis in Focus. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1992. Minogue, Sally. Was it a dream? Organizing void in To the Lighthouse. Journal of Modern Literature. 12 April 2002 <http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/>. Rosenman, Ellen Bayuk. The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship. Implement Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986. Stewart, Jack. A 'Need of Distance and Blue': Space, Color, and Creativity in To theâ â â Lighthouse. Twentieth Century Literature 12 April 2002 <http://web6infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/>. Â

Case Study on Profitability Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contextual investigation on Profitability - Assignment Example In this manner the lessening in working overall revenue demonstrates that working costs of Deutsche Brauerei rise quicker than its business, which can be plainly observed from show 1: 48.4% expansion in deals against 49.5% increment in working costs. Thusly this implies Deutsche Brauerei now has less adaptability in deciding costs, and in this manner less security in intense monetary occasions. The proportion of personal charges to income before charges has additionally expanded to 39.5% in 1999 and 39% in 2000 from 33.8% in 1997 and 34.5% in 1998. From show 1 we can see that available pay increment consistently over years (which can be clarified by precarious financial circumstance in Ukraine), while profit before charges develop more slow. Thus return on deals, which shows the operational productivity of the organization isolating profit before charge by all out deals, has diminished from 4% in 1998 (preceding default) to 2.8% in 1999 leveling the breakdown to 3.2% in 2000. Still investors' value keeps on expanding moving the arrival on value proportion up to 10.3% in 2000 - the most elevated measure for a long time; the business looks great from this point of view. Profit for net resources which is equivalent to net gain partitioned by fixed resources and net working capital likewise gives indications of sound execution expanding to 8.4% in 2000 6.9% in earlier year. The arrival on resources proportion have come back to its incentive in 1998 - 4.7% - demonstrating that an organization effectively utilizes its benefits while reestablishing gainfulness after monetary breakdown in previous USSR area. As can be seen from the display 1, deals in Germany have been expanding gradually in the course of the most recent four years, while the primary stake was made on the Ukrainian market. In this way changes in gainfulness of DB are significantly influenced by nearby financial atmosphere, which was truly insecure these years. In spite of the fact that encountering challenges in producing benefit, DB has caused an effective to recoup from monetary troubles of the year 1998. Influence Influence proportions decide the organization's drawn out dissolvability. Budgetary influence is the name given to the effect on returns of an adjustment in the degree to which the company's advantages are financed with acquired cash. (Scott, 1998) For example obligation/value proportion shows how much cash the organization can securely get over long-terms and it is estimated with separating the all out obligation with complete value. The obligation/value proportion for DB has tumbled from 72.3% in 1997 to 66% in 2000. The organization has obtained assets in 1997 creation ventures into Ukrainian market, which is the explanation of such high obligation/value proportion in 1997. It is diminishing alongside obligation/absolute capital proportion (long haul obligation/long haul obligation + investor's value), which was 39.8% in 2000 contrasting with 41.9% in 1997. This is a decent indication of expanding long haul dissolvability. EBIT/intrigue proportion, which shows how often the organi zation can cover its commitments was fairly steady during the most recent three years (4.7 in 1999, 2000, 4.8 in 1998) expanding essentially from 3.8 in 1997. The organization has fundamentally diminished its obligation in 1998, which was reflected in the expanded dissolvability over the most recent three years. Resource Utilization The productivity of the business is estimated by resource use proportions. Resource use proportions are particularly significant for inside checking concerning execution over various periods, filling in as notice signs or benchmarks from which important ends might be reached on operational issues (Blok and Hirt, 2005). Resource turnover is one of the most significant

Food security - Free Essay Example

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK Food security is elucidated by the IFAD/FAO as the year-round access to the amount and variety of safe foods required by all household members in order to lead active and healthy lives, without undue risk of losing such access. No country anywhere in the world is food secure on this definition. It represents therefore an ideal. To make the definition operational, four dimensions are considered namely Food Availability, Food Access, Food Utilisation and Stability of Access. These are briefly explained as follows: 1. Food Availability: The availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate qualities, supplied through domestic production or imports (including food aid). This is often confused with food security but should properly be seen as only a part, albeit an important part of food security. The question is not only whether food is available in a country but whether it is available in the right place at the right time and there must be a mechanism for ensuring that food of the right quality is made available. 2. Food Access: Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) to acquire appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. These resources need not be exclusively monetary but may also include traditional rights e.g. to a share of common resources. Entitlements are defined as the set of all those commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economic and social arrangements of the community in which he or she lives. 3. Food Utilization: Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation, and health care. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. It is not enough that someone is getting what appears to be an adequate quantity of food if that person is unable to make use of the food because he or she is always falling sick. 4. Stability of Access: Are individuals at high risk of losing their access to food? An example of this situation would be a landless agricultural laborer who was almost wholly dependent on agricultural wages in a region of erratic rainfall. Such a person is at high risk of not being able to find work in a situation of general crop failure and thus going hungry, i.e. is vulnerable. The objective of the thesis would be to analyze the institutional, production, market and policy aspects of the aforementioned four specific factors underlying food insecurity in Pakistan. This shall be gauged by analyzing secure access, production and utilization of three key staples; wheat, rice and sugar. There is considerable evidence that indicates the need to route policy focus to take the shape of revisionary responses to institutional framework, production, market dynamics and existing policy framework; all geared towards actualizing yield potentials and enhancing food security in the context of factors outlined abov e. What makes it even more pertinent is the impending food crisis keeping in view the increasing population and various institutional constraints underlying the retarded growth in production e.g water shortages, soil degradation, absence of proper agriculture research, improper agricultural practices etc. The four key aspects defined above i.e. Food availability, Food Access, Food Utilisation and Stability of Access shall be analyzed in terms of their current standing as well as the potential areas of improvement to realize the stipulated objectives. The stated framework is illustrated in the table as under: FOOD AVAILABILITY Review of Land holdings Cropping Patterns and relative prices for each crop. Profits and Losses per acre for each crop for each size class of farm Total area of cultivable land including land currently being utilized and cultivable waste. Water Utilisation Seeds, Fertilisers and GM food technology as a yield enhancement technique Productivity Enhancement of major crops Availability of credit for farmers for investments geared towards productivity enhancement FOOD ACCESS Identification and Targeting of the Food Insecure People Enhancing Productivity of small farmers for poverty alleviation and foster agricultural growth Diversification of On-farm and Off-farm income generation activities Stabilization of input and output process Encouragement of small scale enterprises STABILITY Inter-regional Inequality Urban Rural Disparity Distribution of land and Access to inputs and resources Skill Development for broad based development UTILISATION Improving nutritional aspects of food Balanced dietary consumption Promotion of household food production e.g. vegetables and pulses production, poultry and rearing of small ruminants POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES Removing Policy Distortions Provision and enhancement of rural infrastructure Institutional Structure for accelerated agricultural growth with equity. Credit and Rural Finance Human Resource Development Research and Extension Support Services In addition, the modus operandi for addressing the questions specified above would be through: †¢ A review and research the production, availability and consumption of essential food commodities †¢ A review of existing food procurement and storage facilities and identify areas of potential improvement †¢ Identification of the constraints in production, yield as well as the prices of essential food commodities e.g. wheat, sugar and rice. †¢ Identifying areas and scope of improved physical inputs geared towards improving the state of agriculture. †¢ Appraising the effectiveness of the Social Safety nets like BISP, Punjab Food Support Scheme in improving food security and how modific ations in these programs towards targeting can be brought about to reduce fiscal and economic costs and losses for non target beneficiaries. †¢ Institutional and policy imperatives for enhanced and sustainable agricultural growth through a normative analysis of the following: o Agriculture and Crop Research Facilities o Social Mobilization o Vertical Integrations and Marketing systems o Enforcement Mechanisms in place to keep track of the regulatory endeavors. LITERATURE REVIEW Agriculture is considered the mainstay of Pakistans economy. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09, there are major hindrances in the GDP growth rate in case of Pakistan, which the report asserts could not hold at 2007-2008 level. Agriculture, the major source of employment and income in the rural areas is expected to grow at 4.7 percent as against Services sector growing at the rate of 3.6 percent during 2008-2009. About 70% per cent of the countrys rural population is directly or indirectly linked with agriculture for their livelihood. Whatever happens to agriculture is bound to affect the livelihood and consequently food security of the poor rural people. Decline of agriculture and shrinking livelihood opportunities have resulted in rising poverty in rural areas while also compounding the food insecurity in both rural and urban areas. Agriculture, thus assumes a critical role in the national economy, providing food to the fast growing population of the country. Pakistan is a country where food security situation in recent years has not been very encouraging. The demand for food in recent years, especially key staples like wheat and sugar have started to exceed the supply. This gap can be attributed to many possible causes. According to Ahmed and Siddiqui (1994), even when the supply situation is better, there are problems with the distribution amongst different segments of the society thus adversely affecting the nutrition. On the demand side, the food security problem has been complicated by an unprecedented increase in population. Since the existing rate of population growth of over 3 percent per annum is expected to continue for a reasonable period of time, the total fertility rate also remaining well above the so-called â€Å"replacement level†, improvement in health-care facilities, which have already resulted in a remarkable decline in infant and child mortality rates has also contributed towards the high population rate in P akistan. Transitory and chronic food insecurity is caused mainly by poverty. (Tweeten, 1999) People with adequate buying power overcome the frictions of time (e.g., unpredictable, unstable harvests from year to year) and space (e.g., local food short- ages) to be food-secure. The conclusions of the aforementioned study further suggested a food security policy synthesis for poor, developing countries like Pakistan which are outlined as follows; Poverty is best alleviated through broad-based, sustainable economic development. The most effective and efficient means to economic development is to follow the standard model, illustrated by the figure as under, which assures an economic pie to divide among people and among functions, such as human resource development, infrastructure, family planning, a food safety net, and environmental protection. The standard model is not merely an ideal; it is applicable to any culture and provides a workable prescription for economic progress, ensu ring buying power for self-reliance and food security. Eventually, in conjunction with family planning, it brings decreased population growth. Although no country has adopted every component, many countries have adopted enough components of the standard model to demonstrate its capacity for economic success. The central puzzle of why food-insecure countries like Pakistan, eschew the standard model when it can bring food security is explained by political failure. Terminating even the worst policies creates losers. If the losers are in positions of power and authority, they resist reform. Economic distortions provide economic rents for those in authority who bestow licenses and enforce regulations. Parastatals provide employment for friends and relatives of power brokers; hence, unfortunate public policy carries powerful momentum. Political failure is inseparable from broader institutional failure. Food insecurity and economic stagnation are not the result of limited natural resource s, environmental degradation, or ignorant people. Rather, they are the result of misguided public policies, which in turn are the product of weak institutions and corrupt governments serving special interests. Institutional change is required to adopt the standard model. Poorly structured, inadequate institutions often trace to cultural factors such as tolerance of the public for unrepresentative, corrupt, incompetent government. Government leaders often view their position as an opportunity for personal aggrandizement rather than to be a servant of the public interest. Socio-institutional changes, and hence standard model adoption, are blocked by cultural characteristics such as caste and ethnic animosities, which provide a fertile climate for governments not representing the public interest to play one group against another. Thus, the challenge of food security for our time, as argued by Tweeten (1999), is socio-institutional change. A study was conducted by the IFPRI in 1977 t hat emphasized on the intensity of the problem facing the Developing Market Economies (DMEs) in countering food deficits in the wake of increasing populations. The options to grapple this challenge were outlined as increasing domestic production, commercial imports, reducing the food consumption levels through pricing adjustments or rationing, and food aid. For a country like Pakistan, easily branded as a low income country, policy choices are limited. Much of the population is already below the minimum dietary and nutritional requirements. Commercial imports to cover up the food deficit may not be a plausible option because it deems imperative a huge foreign exchange outlay coupled with various alternative development expenditures seeking priority. The study concluded that in order to narrow the food gap, development efforts in such low income countries must emphasize on policies to increase and enhance production performance. Large increases in agricultural investments coupled wit h appropriate policies and effective programs will be central. The third critical dimension of food security, utilization, refers to actual metabolization of food by the body. Food that is available and accessible does not alleviate food insecurity if people do not utilize food properly because of inadequate nutrition education and food preparation, bad habits, eating disorders, or poor health, such as intestinal parasites from unsanitary water. Thus, food security is appropriately defined not just as access but as utilization by all people at all times of sufficient nutrients for a productive and healthy life. It follows that sanitation, education, and health care are important instruments for food security. Despite per capita world food supplies being more than adequate to provide food security to all, food or income transfers among nations cannot be the principal instrument to end food insecurity. One reason is because altruism is too limited and fickle to provide sufficient, reliable transfers. Heavy dependence on transfers could discourage local production and create an unhealthy dependency of poor nations and individuals on rich nations, agencies, and individuals. Massive food transfers would destroy incentives for local food producers. A nation must have a pie of purchasing power to divide and share among its food-insecure people. Because it is the poor who lack access to food, alleviating food insecurity means alleviating poverty. Most of the worlds poor, the 1.3 billion people with incomes of less than $1 per day (updated from World Bank 1990, p. 29), will have to escape poverty and food insecurity through economic growth. Economic growth largely was responsible for the 158 million reduction in numbers of undernourished people in East, South, and Southeast Asia from 1979-1981 to 1990-1992. In the mixed and underdeveloped economies of the Third World, the maintenance of minimum consumption levels for large segments of the population is a critical problem. Even in developing countries with a reasonably well-developed industrial base, such as India, glaring nutrition gaps exist (Knudsen and Scandizzo 1979) and critical shortages can and do arise in basic consumption areas such as food, fuel, and clothing (Sharma and Roy 1979). Such shortfalls have serious economic, social, and political consequences (Burki and Haq 1981). Therefore, governments in developing countries usually attempt a macro management of selected consumption items. A fairly complex set of direct and indirect policies are used to influence the production, distribution, and prices of such items (Ahmed 1979, Dholakia and Khorana 1979, Kaynak 1980, Sorensen 1978). The formulation and implementation of such policies can be viewed as a macro-marketing management process [Zif 1980]. For essential consumption items, this process entails: i. Identification of key consumption items (products) and target groups (markets), ii. Development and evaluation of interventi on methods (macro marketing strategies), iii. Creation of delivery or communication systems (channels) to reach the target groups or other intervention points, and iv. Monitoring and control of the consumption- oriented programs (macromarketing control system). In discussing the rationale for Macromanagement System for Essential Consumption Items (referred herein as MSECI), two interrelated questions arise i.e. why do these systems come into existence and what are the goals of these systems. In analyzing why the government intervenes in the distributive trade for essential consumption items, Sorenson (1978) cites four reasons, which are presented below in an elaborated version: i. Under conditions of scarcity (a typical feature in underdeveloped countries), the unfettered operation of the market mechanism is politically unacceptable. Price increases and shortages resulting from unfettered private trade would be politically too risky for the government in power. ii. Distribu tive trade typically has a poor reach in the rural areas. In periods of shortages, rural distribution deteriorates even further, making government intervention a necessity. iii. The market mechanism is imperfect in terms of prices, information, and market clearing. During periods of shortages, these imperfections become magnified, inviting government regulation. iv. Profits and surpluses from private trade in developing countries usually do not flow into productive investments. Instead, they flow into private consumption and investment such as clothing, jewelry, gold, houses, dowries, and so on. Hence, profits from shortages do not help alleviate the major cause of shortages, i.e. low levels of production. In fact, some of the surpluses may even accentuate shortages by becoming working capital for increased hoarding of goods. Government often intervenes to reduce the profits going into such unproductive uses. The experience of India as put forth by Dholakia and Khurana (1979) a nd other Third World countries points out a few other reasons for the emergence and growth of macro management systems in the distributive trade sector. Some of these are: i. Distributive trades absorb a lot of people and provide a low-cost employment outlet in developing countries. Governments often intervene to further some employment goals in addition to the distributional goals. In India, for example, the government often preferentially awards licenses to operate Fair Price Shops to those groups considered to be politically important unemployed college graduates, retired army personnel, widows of servicemen, etc. ii. Government intervention in distributive trades is often a consequence of agricultural price support programs. Once the government becomes a procurer and storer of large quantities of farm products, it needs a distribution method for these products. An MSECI is created as a result. Once an MSECI is created, the reverse logic often takes over. For example, to su pport an extensive public distribution system in a southern state of India, the state government resorts to mandatory procurement of some percentage of farms output [George 1979]. iii. In a manner similar to agricultural policy, the industrial policy of developing countries also leads to governmental intervention in distributive trade. To support small-scale, infant, or weak industries, the government sometimes assists in the marketing of the products of such industries by procuring their products and distributing them through state-controlled or subsidized channels [Bhandari 1979]. In Morocco, for example, the government subsidized the introductory advertising efforts of a baby food considered to be important in meeting that countrys nutritional goals [Vitale and Cavusgil 1981]. These last three points illustrate how consumption- and distribution- oriented policies get intertwined with policies related to employment, agriculture, industry, and other sectors. The rationale and rationality of MSECIs must therefore be studied in the context of other related sectoral policies [Gustafsson and Richardson 1979]. While the above discussion throws some light on why MSECIs come into existence, it does not fully illustrate the range of goals that MSECIs may serve. According to Gustafsson and Richardson (1979), where there is a complex polity, not only are there multiple actors in the policymaking process but each actor sometimes has multiple goals. Politicians, for example, are interested in: a) Solving problems, where it is feasible to do so and ideologically acceptable to the politician b) Agenda management, that is, getting problematic and intractable items off the political agenda, often by formulating do-nothing placebo policies, and c) Creating consensus, especially when the issue is frankly fractious. In the context of an MSECI, purely placebo or consensus-making policies are unlikely to exist. This is because breadbasket issues are involved and sim ply managing the agenda or creating a consensus (without solving the problem) is politically too risky. As a part of the problem-solving strategy, however, policymakers may make some efforts to manage agendas or create consensus. Policies geared towards essential consumption items are therefore likely to have some symbolic, rhetorical, or bargaining content (Lapps, Collins, and Kinley 1980). With reference to the rationale and goals of MSECIs, the following conclusions can be made: a) MSECIs usually emerge in developing countries to serve short-term, volatile political problems caused by scarcity. Later, these systems may be further developed to embrace other economic goals. In fact, appropriately used, MSECIs could play an important role in balanced development (United Nations 1977). b) As the complexity of an MSECI increases, consumption and distribution-related policies become entwined with several other sectoral policies in developing countries. c) Analysis of MSECIs should be conducted with sensitivity to the goals stated and implicit of the different actors in the consumptive and distributive policy process. According to Hussain et al, the production instability and food insecurity in are interrelated. Most of the rain-fed agriculture of the country is experiencing erratic production. The production instability index (coefficient of variation) is 29% in the Pakistan (Anonymous). Most variation is attributed to crop yields. The productivity per unit of resource especially water, is low. The declining resource productivity is due to increased water logging and salinity, nutrient depletion, deforestation and devegetation and increased pest complex. Looming water scarcity and competition for the same water from non agricultural sectors necessitates improving crop productivity to ensure adequate food for the nation with the equivalent or less water than is presently available for agriculture. This can be obtained because available information shows that there is a wide gap between actual and attainable crop water productivity, especially in the arid and semi-arid environments. Quantifying crop water output reveals gaps in information regarding pre-eminent ways to increase crop water productivity. Cropping systems need to be inherently flexible to take advantage of economic opportunities and/or adapt to environmental realities. A dynamic cropping systems concept characterized by a management approach whereby crop sequencing decisions are made on an annual basis has been proposed to improve the adaptability of cropping practices to externalities. STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN Despite a structural shift towards industrialization, agriculture continues to be the biggest sector of the economy. It contributes 21.8% of the GDP, employs 44.7 % of the workforce and is a major source of foreign exchange earnings . About 68% of the population lives in rural Pakistan and depends upon agriculture for their sustenance. Given its wide-spanning forward and backward linkages, in particular with the Industrial sector, agriculture has assumed an added significance especially in the context of the prevalent global food crunch and food security. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09, no economic reforms will be successful in the absence of a sustained and broad based agricultural development which is critical for raising living standards, alleviating poverty assuring food security, generating a buoyant market for industrial expansion an making a substantial contribution to the national economic growth. The utilization of agricultural land in Pakistan is illustrated by the table as under. The total area reported in the table includes the total physical area of the villages. Forest area refers to the area of any land administered as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests. Any cultivated area which may exist within such a forest is shown under the heading of cultivated area. Culturable waste is that uncultivated farm area which, although fit for cultivation, has been left uncropped during the year under consideration as well as the one preceding. Cultivated area is the area which was sown at least during the year under reference or during the preceding year. This includes the net sown area as well as the current fallow. The current fallow is the area that is ploughed but not cropped. With these definitions in context, a review of the agricultural land holdings of Pakistan is presented as under: (Million hectares) Table: (Source: MINFAL) An analysis of the land utilization statistics indicate that the total area u nder cultivation has registered a gradual increase during the period specified i.e. 1990-2008. The uncultivable land is being brought under cultivation and the total cropped area has also been increasing, though not very significantly. Given the importance of agriculture in the national economy, the policy focus has essentially been on agriculture even though the need for a structural shift towards industries and manufacturing gained importance post 1990s. If we look at the historical statistics of the Pakistan economy, we can see how the performance of agriculture coincided with the GDP growth. Table below illustrates the performance and average annual growth rates of the Agriculture and the GDP for the period 1960-2009. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-2009 GDP 6.8 4.8 6.5 4.6 5 Agriculture 5.1 2.4 5.4 4.4 3.0 Table Broadly speaking the growth rate of agriculture across the periods specified in Table 1 was fairly good but the yearly growth rates during the same periods were erratic. The growth of agriculture was particularly low in the periods of 1998-99 at 1.9%, 2000-01 at -2.2%, 2001-02 at 0.1% and 2007-08 at 1.1%. Considering the current decade, agriculture has grown at an average rate of 3.32% per annum. Of this, the growth performance over the last seven years has been of a volatile nature ranging from 1.1% to 6.5% at the highest. See table below, AGRICULTURE GROWTH (%) Year Agriculture Major Crops Minor Crops 2002-3 4.1 6.8 1.9 2003-4 2.4 1.7 3.9 2004-5 6.5 17.7 1.5 2005-6 6.3 -3.9 0.4 2006-7 4.1 7.7 -1.3 2007-8 1.1 -6.4 10.9 2008-9 4.7 7.7 3.6 Table 2 Federal Board of Statistics, Government of Pakistan(2009) This volatility can be primarily attributed to the crop sector which has been a subject of various pest attacks, irregular raining patterns, adulterated pesticides etc. There are two principal crop seasons in Pakistan, Kharif and Rabi. The sowing season of the former begins in April-June and the harvesting occurs in October/ December while the latters begins in October/December and ends in April/ May. Major crops of the Kharif season include Sugarcane, rice, cotton and maize and those of the Rabi season include wheat, gram and lentils. As per the statistics of the MINFAL , the major crops such as wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane amount to about 89.1% of the value added in the major crops, and this amounts to about 33.4% of value added in the overall agriculture. The production statistics of the major crops of both the seasons are given in the table as under: PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS (000 TONS) YEAR COTTON (000 BALES) SUGARCANE RICE MAIZE WHEAT 2003-4 10048 53419 4848 1897 19500 2004-5 14265 47244 5025 2797 21612 2005-6 13019 44666 5547 3110 21277 2006-7 12856 54742 5438 3088 23295 2007-8 11655 63920 5563 3605 20959 2008-9 11819 50045 6852 4036 23421 MINFAL Pakistans agricultural production is closely linked with the supply of irrigation water. The supply of irrigation water has been strained as indicated by Table 3 as under: Actual Surface Water Availability (Million Acre Feet) Period Kharif Rabi Total % Change over Average Average System Usage 67.1 36.4 103.5 2002-3 62.8 25 87.8 -15.2 2003-4 65.9 31.5 97.4 -5.9 2004-5 59.1 23.1 82.2 -20.6 2005-6 70.8 30.1 100.9 -2.5 2006-7 63.1 31.2 94.3 -8.9 2007-8 70.8 27.9 98.7 -46 2008-9 66.9 24.9 91.8 -11.3 Table 3: (IRSA) As shown in the table, against the normal surface water availability at canal heads of 103.5 MAF, the overall water availability for both the crop seasons has been less in the range of -2.5% to 20.6%. If the water availability for the respective seasons is analyzed one can conclude that the Rabi season faced a greater dearth of the water supply as compared to the Kharif season. There

Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Escape From...

Huckleberry Finn - Escape From a Cruel and Oppressive Society America... land of the free and home of the brave; the utopian society which every European citizen desired to be a part of in the 18th and 19th centuries. The revolutionary ideas of The Age of Enlightenment such as democracy and universal male suffrage were finally becoming a reality to the philosophers and scholars that so elegantly dreamt of them. America was a playground for the ideas of these enlightened men. To Europeans, and the world for that matter, America had become a kind of mirage, an idealistic version of society, a place of open opportunities. Where else on earth could a man like J. D. Rockefeller rise from the streets to become one of the richest men of†¦show more content†¦Too precious and dear to let go, the South held on to this institution until the Thirteenth Amendment was signed in by Lincoln in 1865. In this hypocritical society is where The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn finds itself. Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an epic story of the journey of a redneck boy and a runaway slave, escaping the grips of society in the hope of a chance at the freedom they long for so dearly. The novels author, Mark Twain, also grew up in this society. Samuel Clemens, Twains birth name, led a life that had a great influence on the works that he produced later in his life. Born in Florida, Missouri, Clemens childhood was filled with adventures much like those found in both The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Following his childhood experiences, Clemens worked on steamboats on the Mississippi River up until the river was closed during the Civil War. The war opened his eyes to the issue of slavery, which shows up in many of his works, including Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn takes place when slavery was very much a part of Southern culture and society, nearly thirty years prior to the Civil War. 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Wimax Networks for Data Encryption Standard -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWimax Networks for Data Encryption Standard. Answer: Introduction: WiMAX or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a coalition of the wireless industry for the advancement of IEEE 802.16 standards for broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. WiMAX (Pareit et al., 2012) is commonly known as 4G network and is a wireless wide area network (WAN) that can cover the area same as DSL lines but without wires. 3DES (Data Encryption Standard) (Singh, 2013) and AES (Advanced encryption standard) (Ahmad Ismail, 2016) is used by WiMAX to encrypt the data transferred on the network. The 3DES uses three different keys to encrypt the data. Each data is of the length of 56-bits each. In some softwares the performance becomes slow due to the use of this three keys. The 3DES is becoming obsolete due to its slow performance and the limit of length of the keys. Advanced Encryption Standard (Rewagad Pawar, 2013) is the main tool used for encryption in WiMAX technology. Encryption key of 128-bit, 192-bit and 256-bit is supported by the advanced encryption s tandard. AES is a popular algorithm which was built from CCMP. 3DES is much slower than AES. Advanced Encryption standard is much more easy to implement and a very little memory is used. However, AES does not require dedicated processors on board the BS, and m their might be a risk of not being used by all end-user terminals. Initially this helps in considering the fact that 3DES still remains a vital encryption tool on the WiMAX (Dadhich, Narang Yadav 2012) network in spite of the presence of advanced encryption standard. Disadvantages of WAPN technology: The most common WAPN technology are the Bluetooth and the ZigBee network. Both this technology faces the same difficulty as that of the security issues faced by the wireless technology. Problems faced by Bluetooth technology are listed below: Eavesdropping This is a process by which an attacker can sniff into the air of Bluetooth transmission and exploit the right vulnerabilities, read or listen to the data(Saliou et al.).That means someone is conversing using a Bluetooth headset then someone can potentially listen to it. Bluesnarfing This is a process in which an attacker can pair to a device and once devices are paired, access and steal information from the Bluetooth device becomes very easy. The pairing is usually done without the knowledge of the user, which possiblyresults in stolen contact information, photos, videos, calendar events, and more(Ketari Khanum, 2012). Blue bugging- An attacker caneasily remote control the various aspects of the users device. Sending of outgoing calls and texts, forwarding of incoming calls and texts, change of settings, and watching of screens and keypresses and many other things(Rawat Bhattacharya, 2016). Denial of servicein this process an attacker can put unwanted stuffs in the users device, block the communications, drain the battery of the device, or even crashes the device. Problems faced by ZigBee technology: Sniffing: there are many networks which do not use proper encryption as a result the attackers take advantage to sniff all the communications with the proper use equipments. in this attack all the information from a network is collected, which is possible in a network which implements the standard generic security level protocols for communication(Olawumi et al., 2014). Replay attack: This type of attack is a key based attack where the attacker records the approved traffic on a network and paly it later which causes a malicious effect. This attacks are straight forward for ZigBees which do not implement a do not implement any encryption for the communication(Vidgren et al., 2013). Physical Attacks: this type of attacks are most common and involves the tampering of ZigBee devices by locating it. Hard coded encryption keys which are loaded in the RAM are often employed by radios operating in the ZigBee network once the device is powered.as the devices in the network are disturbed and flashed so there remains a possibility of replacing the keys becomes less and having known the issues the attackers can set up special serial interfaces in order to intercept the encryption key in the ZigBee device when the power rises from flash to RAM(Ramsey, Mullins White, 2012). Denial of Service-There are many other methods along with the one mentioned above thereby making ZigBee network unsafe. Signal jamming, reflexive jamming, maximization of frame counter are some other problems faced by the network(Bahl, Sharma Verma, 2012). Energy Harvesting Faisal Karim, and Sherali Zeadally. "Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55 (2016): 1041-1054. This article discusses about the energy harvesting techniques used in daily lives. Energy harvesting is one of the emerging technology related to applications on indoor and outdoor environment. The demands for energy harvesting as increasing with the advancement of microelectronics and MEMS. This rep article also discusses about the problems and applications of energy harvesting. This has gained the attention of various stallholders which involves designs and implementation of this technology to face the energy demands of future wireless sensor networks. Moreover, this article focuses on the techniques required to meet the future energy demands of the WSNs. Specifically, this focuses on the classifications of the schemes used on energy harvesting techniques in WSNs. The article has thoroughly reviewed the classes and sub classes of energy harvesting techniques and the harvester mechanism along with the efficiency of the harvester. For each category the harvester hardware system has d ifferent design and has different harvesting capabilities. The different designs of the harvester determine the efficiency of the harvester. A survey has been conducted on various models aimed to predict the future energy cycles. The survey has proved that only few predictions technique has been used still far to in the area of modeling which states that the state-of-the-art is still immature. It has also been found that several open research challenges still need to be addressed in the future which includes the need to focus on the miniaturized generic harvesters. This can later be used in different environments with dynamic energy sources. The major reason for deploying energy harvesting technique is due to the major problem faced by WSN regarding energy. In cases if the energy of a sensor node depletes then it no longer plays its role unless and until a new source of energy is used or some harvesting technique has not been introduced to fulfill the energy gap. Ulukus, Sennur, et al. "Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 33.3 (2015): 360-381. 4. This article summarizes the application of energy harvesting in a broad area of wireless communication network. This article has covered a variety of topics which includes the information-theoretical and physical layer of performance limit to the scheduling policies and medium access control protocol. This article also discusses about the emerging model of energy transfer and cooperation that occurs with the information transfer of the wireless network. The article has also presented a model of total energy consumption. The threats faced by energy harvesting from physical and practical concerns has made this technique face new challenges. Taking practical conditions mathematical formulas are designed which increases the set of possibilities. The discussion of the energy and information transfer provides exciting possibilities that can be adapted in the future to adapt the network operations with improved performance. References: Ahmad, R., Ismail, W. (2016). Performance Comparison of Advanced Encryption Standard-128 Algorithms for WIMAX Application with Improved Power-Throughput.Journal of Engineering Science and Technology,11(12), 1-17. Bahl, N., Sharma, A. K., Verma, H. K. (2012). On Denial of Service Attacks for Wireless Sensor Networks.SYSTEM,17, 18. Dadhich, R., Narang, G., Yadav, D. M. (2012). Analysis and Literature Review of IEEE 802.16 e (Mobile WiMAX) Security.International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology,1, 167-173. Ketari, L., Khanum, M. A. (2012). A review of malicious code detection techniques for mobile devices.International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering,4(2), 212. Olawumi, O., Haataja, K., Asikainen, M., Vidgren, N., Toivanen, P. (2014, December). Three practical attacks against ZigBee security: Attack scenario definitions, practical experiments, countermeasures, and lessons learned. InHybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS), 2014 14th International Conference on(pp. 199-206). IEEE. Pareit, D., Lannoo, B., Moerman, I., Demeester, P. (2012). The History of WiMAX: A Complete Survey of the Evolution in Certification and Standardization for IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX.IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials,14(4), 1183-1211. Ramsey, B. W., Mullins, B. E., White, E. D. (2012, October). Improved tools for indoor ZigBee warwalking. InLocal Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops), 2012 IEEE 37th Conference on(pp. 921-924). IEEE. Rawat, D. B., Bhattacharya, S. (2016). Wireless Body Area Network for Healthcare Applications. InAdvanced Methods for Complex Network Analysis(pp. 343-358). IGI Global. Rewagad, P., Pawar, Y. (2013, April). Use of digital signature with diffie hellman key exchange and AES encryption algorithm to enhance data security in cloud computing. InCommunication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 437-439). IEEE. Saliou, D. A., Al-Khateeb, W. F. M., Olanrewaju, R. F., Fatai, S. Dual Authentication For Bluetooth Connection. Shaikh, F. K., Zeadally, S. (2016). Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, 1041-1054. Singh, G. (2013). A study of encryption algorithms (RSA, DES, 3DES and AES) for information security.International Journal of Computer Applications,67(19). Ulukus, S., Yener, A., Erkip, E., Simeone, O., Zorzi, M., Grover, P., Huang, K. (2015). Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,33(3), 360-381. Vidgren, N., Haataja, K., Patino-Andres, J. L., Ramirez-Sanchis, J. J., Toivanen, P. (2013, January). Security threats in ZigBee-enabled systems: vulnerability evaluation, practical experiments, countermeasures, and lessons learned. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 5132-5138). IEEE.

UC Personal Statement Examples

UC Personal Statement ExamplesThere are many possible reasons why a person may be asking for a UC personal statement examples. One example of this is a person who is applying for admission to a specific college or university and does not yet know which one. If the person knows which one to apply to, there are likely other reasons for asking for the examples.There are two ways to get information on which university is the best for you, by enrolling in classes or by checking out the various different schools that offer the program you are interested in. When a person enrolls in a school, they will typically get financial aid. If they decide to take classes and do well in them, they may be able to get the aid money without ever returning to school.Another option for getting the information on financial aid is by looking online. Students should start by using a web search engine to find the name of the school that they would like to attend. They can then go to a site to get more specific information on financial aid. This information can be found in various categories, such as transcripts, financial aid, or awards, scholarships, and so on.There are also different ways to get some advice from other students. Although it is possible to choose a class or majors, it may be easier to speak with other students who are enrolled in the same school as yourself. If the student sees that other students are having a difficult time because of the cost of tuition, they may be able to help the student by explaining the options that are available.A good way to find personal statement examples is to check out websites that can answer these types of questions. Sometimes, these websites can direct the student to other websites, depending on what they need. Also, because there are so many different universities in the United States, a student may want to check out other colleges in their area and learn about their costs and how each program works.There are also different types of fina ncial aid for different programs. These include grants, loans, and work study programs. The type of financial aid a student has may be dependent on their parents' income and their individual situation.However, most students should be able to get some sort of financial aid. Whether the student chooses to take classes or take care of their own educational needs is up to the student. A student who decides to take classes and work their way through their program might be able to work with their financial aid package to cover their tuition.The number of UC personal statement examples is actually quite small. It is always important to make sure that a prospective student can explain their reasons for wanting to attend UC. These examples may be helpful in helping a student to feel confident about the university that they are going to and the program that they want to pursue.